The purpose of the treaty was to eliminate the support of the French by Native American tribes in the Ohio Valley in exchange for some of their lands being returned to them; also in exchange, the British Government promised to recognize Indian tribes to be permitted to hunt on the grounds along the Ohio River valley and refrain from establishing settlements west of the Allegheny Mountains (which belonged to the Iroquois and Algonquian tribes originally). All agreements were mutually granted and respected by each tribe and colonists; the Native tribes even received a payout of one thousand Spanish dollars to procure the whole deal! Did this treaty last? Of course not. The tribes were promised “eternal possession” for lands west of the Appalachians; but a few tears later, in 1763, the British Crown procured the Proclamation Line of 1763, which restricted any settlements in that area that this treaty originally “guaranteed”.

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Although the treaty was supposed to address issues with two earlier treaties, the 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix and the 1785 Treaty of Fort McIntosh, it largely reiterated the earlier terminology, with minor changes. The treaty failed to address the most important grievances of the Indigenous nations, namely, the unauthorized settlement of White Americans in the Firelands region of the Western Reserve, which extended into the territory set aside for the Indigenous nations. 

The treaty failed to stop the violence and pillage in the region caused by the appropriation of White Americans onto territories held by Indigenous nations. Many other Indian nations were infuriated at the treaty because they perceived the treaty to force land relinquishments and foreign hegemony over. The failure of the treaty led to an escalation of the hostilities as the Western Confederacy resisted the United States invasion. The war would continue for six years and see thousands killed, including some of the worst defeats in U.S. Army history, until the United States defeated the Indigenous alliance at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. This treaty is just another example of the countless other treaties struck with Indian nations and tribes: A LIE. 

Articles of a Treaty Made at Fort Harmar, between Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Territory of the United States North-West of the River Ohio, and Commissioner Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, for removing all Causes of Controversy, regulating Trade, and settling Boundaries, with the India Nations in the Northern Department, of the one Part; and the Sachems and Warriors of the Wiandot, Delaware, Ottawa, Chippewa, Pattawatima and Sac Naions, on the other Part.

ARTICLE I.

WHEREAS the United States in Congress assembled, did, by their Commissioners George Rogers Clark, Richard Butler, and Arthur Lee, Esquires, duly appointed for that purpose, at a treaty holden with the Wiandot, Delaware, Ottawa and Chippewa nations, at Fort M’lntosh, on the twenty-first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five, conclude a peace with the Wyandots, Delawares, Ottawas and Chippewas, and take them into their friendship and protection: And whereas at the said treaty it was stipulated that all prisoners that had been made by those nations, or either of them, should be delivered up to the United States. And whereas the said nations have now agreed to and with the aforesaid Arthur St. Clair, to renew and confirm all the engagements they had made with the United States of America. at the before mentioned treaty except so far as are altered by these presents. And there are now in the possession of some individuals of these nations, certain prisoners, who have been taken by others not in peace with the said United States, or in violation of the treaties subsisting between the United States and them; the said nations agree to deliver up all the prisoners now in their hands (by what means soever they may have come into their possession) to the said Governor St. Clair, at Fort Harmar, or in his absence, to the officer commanding there, as soon as conveniently may be; and for the true performance of this agreement, they do now agree to deliver into his hands, two persons of the Wyandot Nation, to be retained in the hands of the United States as hostages, until the said prisoners are restored; after which they shall be sent back to their nation.

ARTICLE 2

And whereas at the before mentioned treaty it was agreed between the United States and said nations, that a boundary line should be fixed between the lands of those nations and the territory of the United States; which boundary is as follows, viz.-Beginning at the mouth of Cayahoga river, and running thence up the said river to the portage between that and the Tuscarawa branch of Muskingum, then down the said branch to the forks at the crossing-place above fort Lawrence, thence westerly to the portage on that branch of the Big Miami river which runs into the Ohio, at the mouth of which branch the fort stood which was taken by the French in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty-two, then along the said portage to the Great Miami or Omie river, and down the south-east side of the same to its mouth; thence along the southern shore of Lake Erie to the mouth of Cayahoga, where it began. And the said Wyandot, Delaware, Ottawa and Chippewa Nations, for and in consideration of the peace then granted to them by the said United States, and the presents they then received, as well as of a quantity of goods to the value of six thousand dollars, now delivered to them by the said Arthur St. Clair, the receipt whereof they do hereby acknowledge, do by these presents renew and confirm the said boundary line; to the end that the same may remain as a division line between the lands of the United States of America, and the lands of said nations, forever. And the undersigned Indians do hereby in their own names and the names of their respective nations and tribes, their heirs and descendants, for the consideration above-mentioned, release, quit claim, relinquish and cede to the said United States, all the land east, south and west of the lines above described, so far as the said Indians formerly claimed the same; for them the said United States to have and to hold the same in true and absolute propriety forever.

ARTICLE III.

The United States of America do by these presents relinquish and quit claim to the said nations respectively, all the lands lying between the limits above described, for them the said Indians to live and hunt upon, and otherwise to occupy as they shall see fit: But the said nations or either of them, shall not be at liberty to sell or dispose of the same, or any part thereof, to any sovereign power, except the United States; nor to the subjects or citizens of any other sovereign power, nor to the subjects or citizens of the United States.

ARTICLE IV

It is agreed between the said United States and the said nations, that the individuals of said nations shall be at liberty to hunt within the territory ceded to the United States, without hindrance or molestation, so long as they demean themselves peaceably, and offer no injury or annoyance to any of the subjects or citizens of the said United States.

ARTICLE V

It is agreed that if any Indian or Indians of the nations before mentioned, shall commit a murder or robbery on any of the citizens of the United States, the nation or tribe to which the offender belongs, on complaint being made, shall deliver up the person or persons complained of, at the nearest post of the United States; to the end that he or they may be tried, and if found guilty, punished according to the laws established in the territory of the United States north-west of the river Ohio, for the punishment of such offences, if the same shall have been committed within the said territory; or according to the laws of the State where the offence may have been committed, if the same has happened in any of the United States. In like manner, if any subject or citizen of the United States shall commit murder or robbery on any Indian or Indians of the said nations, upon complaint being made thereof, he or they shall be arrested, tried and punished agreeable to the laws of the state or of the wherein the offence was committed; that nothing may interrupt the peace and harmony now established between the United States and said nations.

And whereas the practice of stealing horses has prevailed very much, to the great disquiet of the citizens of the United States, and if persisted in, cannot fail to involve both the United States of America and the Indians in endless animosity, it is agreed that it shall be put an entire stop to on both sides; nevertheless, should some individuals, in defiance of this agreement, and of the laws provided against such offences, continue to make depredations of that nature, the person convicted thereof shall be punished with the utmost severity the laws of the respective states, or territory of the United States north-west of the Ohio, where the offence may have been committed, will admit of: And all horses so stolen, either by the Indians from the citizens or subjects of the United States, or by the citizens or subjects of the United States from any of the Indian nations, may be reclaimed, into whose possession soever they may have passed, and, upon due proof, shall be restored; any sales in market overt. notwithstanding. And the civil magistrates in the United States respectively, and in the territory of the United States north-west of the Ohio, shall give all necessary aid and protection to Indians claiming such stolen horses.

ARTICLE VI

And whereas the practice of stealing horses has prevailed very much, to the great disquiet of the citizens of the United States, and if persisted in, cannot fail to involve both the United States of America and the Indians in endless animosity, it is agreed that it shall be put an entire stop to on both sides; nevertheless, should some individuals, in defiance of this agreement, and of the laws provided against such offences, continue to make depredations of that nature, the person convicted thereof shall be punished with the utmost severity the laws of the respective states, or territory of the United States north-west of the Ohio, where the offence may have been committed, will admit of: And all horses so stolen, either by the Indians from the citizens or subjects of the United States, or by the citizens or subjects of the United States from any of the Indian nations, may be reclaimed, into whose possession soever they may have passed, and, upon due proof, shall be restored; any sales in market overt. notwithstanding. And the civil magistrates in the United States respectively, and in the territory of the United States north-west of the Ohio, shall give all necessary aid and protection to Indians claiming such stolen horses.

ARTICLE VII

Trade shall be opened with the said nations, and they do hereby respectively engage to afford protection to the persons and property oft such as may be duly licensed to reside among them I or the purposes of trade, and to their agents, factors and servants; but no person shall be permitted to reside at their towns, or at their hunting camps, as a trader, who is not furnished with a license for that purpose, under the hand and seal of the Governor of the territory of the United States north-west of the Ohio, for the time being, or under the hand and seal of one of his deputies for the management of Indian affairs; to the end that they may not be imposed upon in their traffic. And if any person or persons shall intrude themselves without such licence; they promise to apprehend him or them, and to bring them to the said Governor, or one of his deputies, for the purpose before mentioned, to be dealt with according to law: And that they may be defended against persons who might attempt to forge such licenses, they further engage to give information to the said Governor, or one of his deputies, of the names of all traders residing among them from time to time, and at least once in every year.

ARTICLE VIII

Should any nation of Indians meditate a war against the United States, or either of them, and the same shall come to the knowledge of the before mentioned nations, or either of them, they do hereby engage to give immediate notice thereof to the Governor, or in his absence to the officer commanding the troops of the United States at the nearest post. And should any nation with hostile intentions against the United States, or either of them, attempt to pass through their country, they will endeavor to prevent the same, and in like manner give information of such attempt to the said Governor or commanding officer, as soon as possible, that all causes of mistrust and suspicion may be avoided between them and the United States: In like manner the United States shall give notice to the said Indian nations, of any harm that may be meditated against them, or either of them, that shall come to their knowledge; and do all in their power to hinder and prevent the same, that the friendship between them may be uninterrupted.

ARTICLE IX

If any person or persons, citizens or subjects of the United States, or any other person not being an Indian, shall presume to settle upon the lands confirmed to the said nations, he and they shall be out of the protection of the United States; and the said nations may punish him or them in such manner as they see fit.

ARTICLE X

The United States renew the reservations heretofore made in the before mentioned treaty at Fort M’lntosh, for the establishment of trading posts, in manner and form following; that is to say: Six miles square at the mouth of the Miami or Omie river; six miles square at the portage upon that branch of the Miami which runs into the Ohio; six miles square upon the lake Sandusky where the fort formerly stood; and two miles square upon each side the Lower Rapids on Sandusky river, which posts, and the lands annexed to them, shall be for the use and under the government of the United States.

ARTICLE XI

The post at Detroit, with a district of land beginning at the mouth of the river Rosine, at the west end of lake Erie, and running up the southern bank of said river six miles; thence northerly, and always six miles west of the strait. until it strikes the lake St. Clair, shall be reserved for the use of the United States.

ARTICLE XII

In like manner the post at Michilimackinac, with its dependencies, and twelve miles square about the same, shall be reserved to the sole use of the United States.

ARTICLE XIII

The United States of America do hereby renew and confirm the peace and friendship entered into with the said nations, at the treaty before mentioned, held at Fort M’Intosh; and the said nations again acknowledge themselves, and all their tribes, to be under the protection of the said United States, and no other power whatever.

ARTICLE XIV

The United States of America do also receive into their friendship and protection, the nations of the Pattiwatimas and Sacs; and do hereby establish a league of peace and amity between them respectively; and all the articles of this treaty, so far as they apply to these nations, are to be considered as made and concluded in all, and every part, expressly with them and each of them.

ARTICLE XV

And whereas in describing the boundary before mentioned, the words, if strictly constructed, would carry it from the portage on that branch of the Miami, which runs into the Ohio, over to the river Au Glaize; which was neither the intention of the Indians, nor of the Commissioners; it is hereby declared, that the line shall run from the said portage directly to the first fork of the Miami river, which is to the southward and eastward of the Miami village, thence down the main branch of the Miami river to the said village, and thence down that river to Lake Erie, and along the- margin of the lake to the place of beginning.

Done at Fort Harmar, on the Muskingum, this ninth day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.

In witness whereof, the parties have hereunto interchangeably set their hands and seals.

Arthur St. Clair,
Peoutewatamie, his x mark,
Konatikina, his x mark,

Sacs:
Tepakee, his x mark
Kesheylva, his x: mark,

Chippewas:
Mesass, his x mark
Paushquash, his x mark,
Pawasicko, his x mark,

Ottawas:
Wewiskia, his x mark,
Neagey, his x mark,

Pattawatimas:
Windigo, his x mark,
Wapaskea, his x mark,
Nequea, his x mark,

Delawares:
Captain Pipe, his x mark,
Wingenond, his x mark
Pekelan, his x mark,
Teataway, his x mark,

Chippewas:
Nanamakeak, his x mark
Wetenasa, his x mark,
Soskene, his x mark,
Pewanakum, his x mark,

Wyandots:
Teyandatontec, his x mark
Cheyawe, his x mark,
Doueyenteat, his x mark
Tarhe, his x mark,
Terhataw, his x mark,
Datasay, his x mark
Maudoronk, his x mark,
Skahomat, his x mark,

In presence of-

Jos. Harmar, lieutenant-colonel, eommandant, First U. S. Regiment, and brigadier-general by brevet,
Richard Butler,
Jno. Gibson
Will. McCurdey, captain
E. Denny, ensign, First U. S. Regiment,
F. A. Hartshorn. ensign.
Robt. Thompson, ensign, First U. S. Regiment,
Frans. Muse, ensign J. Williams, jr.,
Wm. Wilson,
Joseph Nicholas James Rinkin.

Be it remembered, That the Wyandots have laid claim to the lands that were granted to the Shawanese, at the treaty held at the Miami, and have declared, that as the Shawanese have been so restless, and caused so much trouble, both to them and to the United States, if they will not now be at peace, they will dispossess them, and take the country into their own hands; for that the country is theirs of right, and the Shawanese are only living upon it by their permission. They further lay claim to all the country west of the Miami boundary, from the village to the lake Erie, and declare that it is now under their management and direction.

SEPARATE ARTICLE.

Whereas the Wyandots have represented, that within the reservation from the river Rosine along the Strait, they have two villages from which they cannot with any convenience remove; it is agreed, that they shall remain in possession of the same, and shall not be in any manner disturbed therein.

SEPARATE ARTICLE.

Should a robbery or murder be committed by an Indian or Indians of the said nations upon the citizens or subjects of the United States or any of them, or by the citizens or subjects of the United States or any of them, upon any Indian or Indians of the said nations, the parties accused of the same shall be tried, and, if found guilty, be punished according to the laws of the state, or of the territory of the United States, as the case may be, where the same was committed; and should any horses be stolen, either by the Indians of the said nations from the citizens or subjects of the United States or any of them, or by any of the said citizens and subjects from any of the said Indians, they may be reclaimed, into whose possession soever they may have come; and, upon due proof, shall be restored, any sales in open market notwithstanding. And the parties convicted shall be punished with the utmost severity the laws will admit; and the said nations engage to deliver the parties that may be accused of their nations of either of the before-mentioned crimes, at the nearest post of the United States, if the crime was committed within the territory of the United States, or to the civil authority of the States, if it shall have happened within any of the United States.

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The post TREATY OF FORT HARMAR (1789): The Reversal of “Fortune” Treaty 📜 appeared first on BEAVER COUNTY INDIANS.

The treaty was a direct result of the Indians losing the Battle of Fallen Timbers a year earlier in 1794. Sadly, this treaty commences the END of of the American Frontier in the eastern United States; however, there was a conflict of interest between the tribes who signed and did not sign. Chief Little Turtle was a staunch critic of this treaty because he used this “treaty idea” for cooperation from the United States government in exchange for peace; however, Chief Tecumseh castigated him heavily for giving land(s) away that “were not his and did not own.” Tecumseh was killed in battle in 1813 against the government and further expansion of white settlers on Indigenous lands. ²

WYANDOTS, DELAWARES, ETC.

[concluded August 3, 1795]

“A treaty of peace between the United States of America, and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias.

To put an end to a destructive war, to settle all controversies, and to restore harmony and friendly intercourse between the said United States and Indian tribes, Anthony Wayne, major general commanding the army of the United States, and sole commissioner for the good purposes above mentioned, and the said tribes of Indians, by their sachems, chiefs, and warriors, met together at Greenville, the head quarters of the said army, have agreed on the following articles, which, when ratified by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate of the United States, shall be binding on them and the said Indian tribes.

Art. 1:

Henceforth all hostilities shall cease; peace is hereby established, and shall be perpetual; and a friendly intercourse shall take place between the said United States and Indian tribes.

Art. 2:

All prisoners shall, on both sides, be restored. The Indians, prisoners to the United States, shall be immediately set at liberty. The people of the United States, still remaining prisoners among the Indians, shall be delivered up in ninety days from the date hereof, to the general or commanding officer at Greenville, fort Wayne, or fort Defiance; and ten chiefs of the said tribes shall remain at Greenville as hostages, until the delivery of the prisoners shall be effected.

Art. 3:

The general boundary line between the lands of the United States and the lands of the said Indian tribes, shall begin at the mouth of Cayahoga river, and run thence up the same to the portage, between that and the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum, thence down that branch to the crossing place above fort Lawrence, thence westerly to a fork of that branch of the Great Miami river, running into the Ohio, at or near which fork stood Loromie’s store, and where commences the portage between the Miami of the Ohio, and St. Mary’s river, which is a branch of the Miami which runs into lake Erie; thence a westerly course to fort Recovery, which stands on a branch of the Wabash; thence southwesterly in a direct line to the Ohio, so as to intersect that river opposite the mouth of Kentucke or Cuttawa river. And in consideration of the peace now established; of the goods formerly received from the United States; of those now to be delivered; and of the yearly delivery of goods now stipulated to be made hereafter; and to indemnify the United States for the injuries and expenses they have sustained during the war, the said Indian tribes do hereby cede and relinquish forever, all their claims to the lands lying eastwardly and southwardly of the general boundary line now described: and these lands, or any part of them, shall never hereafter be made a cause or pretence, on the part of the said tribes, or any of them, of war or injury to the United States, or any of the people thereof.

And for the same considerations, and as an evidence of the returning friendship of the said Indian tribes, of their confidence in the United States, and desire to provide for their accommodations, and for that convenient intercourse which will be beneficial to both parties, the said Indian tribes do also cede to the United States the following pieces of land, to wit:

1)One piece of land six miles square, at or near Loromie’s store, before mentioned.

2) One piece two miles square, at the head of the navigable water or landing, on the St. Mary’s river, near Girty’s town.

3) One piece six miles square, at the head of the navigable water of the Auglaize river.

4) One piece six miles square, at the confluence of the Auglaize and Miami rivers, where fort Defiance now stands.

5) One piece six miles square, at or near the confluence of the rivers St. Mary’s and St. Joseph’s, where fort Wayne now stands, or near it.

6) One piece two miles square, on the Wabash river, at the end of the portage from the Miami of the lake, and about eight miles westward from fort Wayne.

7) One piece six miles square, at the Ouatanon, or Old Wea towns, on the Wabash river.

8) One piece twelve miles square, at the British fort on the Miami of the lake, at the foot of the rapids.

9) One piece six miles square, at the mouth of the said river, where it empties into the lake.

10) One piece six miles square, upon Sandusky lake, where a fort formerly stood.

11) One piece two miles square, at the lower rapids of Sandusky river.

12) The post of Detroit, and all the land to the north, the west and the south of it, of which the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the French or English governments: and so much more land to be annexed to the district of Detroit, as shall be comprehended between the river Rosine, on the south, lake St. Clair on the north, and a line, the general course whereof shall be six miles distant from the west end of lake Erie and Detroit river.

13) The post of Michilimackinac, and all the land on the island on which that post stands, and the main land adjacent, of which the Indian title has been extinguished by gifts or grants to the Frewnch or English governments; and a piece of land on the main to the north of the island, to measure six miles, on lake Huron, or the strait between lakes Huron and Michigan, and to extend three miles back from the water of the lake or strait; and also, the Island De Bois Blane, being an extra and voluntary gift of the Chippewa nation.

14) One piece of land six miles square, at the mouth of Chikago river, emptying into the southwest end of lake Michigan, where a fort formerly stood.

15)One piece twelve miles square, at or near the mouth of the Illinois river, emptying into the Mississippi.

16) One piece six miles square, at the old Piorias fort and village near the south end of the Illinois lake, on said Illinois river. And whenever the United States shall think proper to survey and mark the boundaries of the lands hereby ceded to them, they shall give timely notice thereof to the said tribes of Indians, that they may appoint some of their wise chiefs to attend and see that the lines are run according to the terms of this treaty.

And the said Indian tribes will allow to the people of the United States a free passage by land and by water, as one and the other shall be found convenient, through their country, along the chain of posts hereinbefore mentioned; that is to say, from the commencement of the portage aforesaid, at or near Loromie’s store, thence along said portage to the St. Mary’s, and down the same to fort Wayne, and then down the Miami, to lake Erie; again, from the commencement of the portage at or near Loromie’s store along the portage from thence to the river Auglaize, and down the same to its junction with the Miami at fort Defiance; again, from the commencement of the portage aforesaid, to Sandusky river, and down the same to Sandusky bay and lake Erie, and from Sandusky to the post which shall be taken at or near the foot of the Rapids of the Miami of the lake; and from thence to Detroit. Again, from the mouth of Chikago, to the commencement of the portage, between that river and the Illinois, and down the Illinois river to the Mississippi; also, from fort Wayne, along the portage aforesaid, which leads to the Wabash, and then down the Wabash to the Ohio. And the said Indian tribes will also allow to the people of the United States, the free use of the harbors and mouths of rivers along the lakes adjoining the Indian lands, for sheltering vessels and boats, and liberty to land their cargoes where necessary for their safety.

Art. 4:

In consideration of the peace now established, and of the cessions and relinquishments of lands made in the preceding article by the said tribes of Indians, and to manifest the liberality of the United States, as the great means of rendering this peace strong and perpetual, the United States relinquish their claims to all other Indian lands northward of the river Ohio, eastward of the Mississippi, and westward and southward of the Great Lakes and the waters, uniting them, according to the boundary line agreed on by the United States and the King of Great Britain, in the treaty of peace made between them in the year 1783. But from this relinquishment by the United States, the following tracts of land are explicitly excepted:

1st. The tract on one hundred and fifty thousand acres near the rapids of the river Ohio, which has been assigned to General Clark, for the use of himself and his warriors.

2nd. The post of St. Vincennes, on the River Wabash, and the lands adjacent, of which the Indian title has been extinguished.

3rd. The lands at all other places in possession of the French people and other white settlers among them, of which the Indian title has been extinguished as mentioned in the 3d article; and

4th. The post of fort Massac towards the mouth of the Ohio. To which several parcels of land so excepted, the said tribes relinquish all the title and claim which they or any of them may have.

And for the same considerations and with the same views as above mentioned, the United States now deliver to the said Indian tribes a quantity of goods to the value of twenty thousand dollars, the receipt whereof they do hereby acknowledge; and henceforward every year, forever, the United States will deliver, at some convenient place northward of the river Ohio, like useful goods, suited to the circumstances of the Indians, of the value of nine thousand five hundred dollars; reckoning that value at the first cost of the goods in the city or place in the United States where they shall be procured. The tribes to which those goods are to be annually delivered, and the proportions in which they are to be delivered, are the following:

1st. To the Wyandots, the amount of one thousand dollars.

2nd. To the Delawares, the amount of one thousand dollars.

3rd. To the Shawanees, the amount of one thousand dollars.

4th. To the Miamis, the amount of one thousand dollars.

5th. To the Ottawas, the amount of one thousand dollars.

6th. To the Chippewas, the amount of one thousand dollars.

7th.To the Pattawatimas, the amount of one thousand dollars, and

8th. To the Kickapoo, Wea, Eel River, Piankeshaw, and Kaskaskia tribes, the amount of five hundred dollars each.

Provided, that if either of the said tribes shall hereafter, at an annual delivery of their share of the goods aforesaid, desire that a part of their annuity should be furnished in domestic animals, implements of husbandry, and other utensils convenient for them, and in compensation to useful artificers who may reside with or near them, and be employed for their benefit, the same shall, at the subsequent annual deliveries, be furnished accordingly.

Art. 5:

To prevent any misunderstanding about the Indian lands relinquished by the United States in the fourth article, it is now explicitly declared, that the meaning of that relinquishment is this: the Indian tribes who have a right to those lands, are quietly to enjoy them, hunting, planting, and dwelling thereon, so long as they please, without any molestation from the United States; but when those tribes, or any of them, shall be disposed to sell their lands, or any part of them, they are to be sold only to the United States; and until such sale, the United States will protect all the said Indian tribes in the quiet enjoyment of their lands against all citizens of the United States, and against all other white persons who intrude upon the same. And the said Indian tribes again acknowledge themselves to be under the protection of the said United States, and no other power whatever.

Art. 6:

If any citizen of the United States, or any other white person or persons, shall presume to settle upon the lands now relinquished by the United States, such citizen or other person shall be out of the protection of the United States; and the Indian tribe, on whose land the settlement shall be made, may drive off the settler, or punish him in such manner as they shall think fit; and because such settlements, made without the consent of the United States, will be injurious to them as well as to the Indians, the United States shall be at liberty to break them up, and remove and punish the settlers as they shall think proper, and so effect that protection of the Indian lands herein before stipulated.

Art. 7:

The said tribes of Indians, parties to this treaty, shall be at liberty to hunt within the territory and lands which they have now ceded to the United States, without hindrance or molestation, so long as they demean themselves peaceably, and offer no injury to the people of the United States.

Art. 8:

Trade shall be opened with the said Indian tribes; and they do hereby respectively engage to afford protection to such persons, with their property, as shall be duly licensed to reside among them for the purpose of trade; and to their agents and servants; but no person shall be permitted to reside among them for the purpose of trade; and to their agents and servants; but no person shall be permitted to reside at any of their towns or hunting camps, as a trader, who is not furnished with a license for that purpose, under the hand and seal of the superintendent of the department northwest of the Ohio, or such other person as the President of the United States shall authorize to grant such licenses; to the end, that the said Indians may not be imposed on in their trade.* And if any licensed trader shall abuse his privilege by unfair dealing, upon complaint and proof thereof, his license shall be taken from him, and he shall be further punished according to the laws of the United States. And if any person shall intrude himself as a trader, without such license, the said Indians shall take and bring him before the superintendent, or his deputy, to be dealt with according to law. And to prevent impositions by forged licenses, the said Indians shall, at lease once a year, give information to the superintendent, or his deputies, on the names of the traders residing among them.

Art. 9:

Lest the firm peace and friendship now established, should be interrupted by the misconduct of individuals, the United States, and the said Indian tribes agree, that for injuries done by individuals on either side, no private revenge or retaliation shall take place; but instead thereof, complaint shall be made by the party injured, to the other: by the said Indian tribes or any of them, to the President of the United States, or the superintendent by him appointed; and by the superintendent or other person appointed by the President, to the principal chiefs of the said Indian tribes, or of the tribe to which the offender belongs; and such prudent measures shall then be taken as shall be necessary to preserve the said peace and friendship unbroken, until the legislature (or great council) of the United States, shall make other equitable provision in the case, to the satisfaction of both parties. Should any Indian tribes meditate a war against the United States, or either of them, and the same shall come to the knowledge of the before mentioned tribes, or either of them, they do hereby engage to give immediate notice thereof to the general, or officer commanding the troops of the United States, at the nearest post.

And should any tribe, with hostile intentions against the United States, or either of them, attempt to pass through their country, they will endeavor to prevent the same, and in like manner give information of such attempt, to the general, or officer commanding, as soon as possible, that all causes of mistrust and suspicion may be avoided between them and the United States. In like manner, the United States shall give notice to the said Indian tribes of any harm that may be meditated against them, or either of them, that shall come to their knowledge; and do all in their power to hinder and prevent the same, that the friendship between them may be uninterrupted.

Art. 10:

All other treaties heretofore made between the United States, and the said Indian tribes, or any of them, since the treaty of 1783, between the United States and Great Britain, that come within the purview of this treaty, shall henceforth cease and become void.

In testimony whereof, the said Anthony Wayne, and the sachems and war chiefs of the before mentioned nations and tribes of Indians, have hereunto set their hands and affixed their seals. Done at Greenville, in the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio, on the third day of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety five.

WYANDOTS.

Tarhe, or Crane, his x mark L.S. J. Williams, jun. his x mark, L.S. Teyyaghtaw, his x mark, L.S. Haroenyou, or half king’s son, his x mark, L.S. Tehaawtorens, his x mark, L.S. Awmeyeeray, his x mark, L.S. Stayetah, his x mark L.S. Shateyyaronyah, or Leather Lips, his x mark, L.S. Daughshuttayah, his x mark L.S. Shaawrunthe, his x mark L.S.

DELAWARES.

Tetabokshke, or Grand Glaize King, his x mark, L.S. Lemantanquis, or Black King, his x mark, L.S. Wabatthoe, his x mark, L.S. Maghpiway, or Red Feather, his x mark, L.S. Kikthawenund, or Anderson, his x mark, L.S. Bukongehelas, his x mark, L.S. Peekeelund, his x mark, L.S. Wellebawkeelund, his x mark, L.S. Peekeetelemund, or Thomas Adams, his x mark, L.S. Kishkopekund, or Captain Buffalo, his x mark, L.S. Amenahehan, or Captain Crow, his x mark, L.S. Queshawksey, or George Washington, his x mark, L.S. Weywinquis, or Billy Siscomb, his x mark, L.S. Moses, his x mark, L.S.

SHAWANEES.

Misquacoonacaw, or Red Pole, his x mark, L.S. Cutthewekasaw, or Black Hoof, his x mark, L.S. Kaysewaesekah, his x mark, L.S. Weythapamattha, his x mark, L.S. Nianysmeka, his x mark, L.S. Waytheah, or Long Shanks, his x mark, L.S. Weyapiersenwaw, or Blue Jacket, his x mark, L.S. Nequetaughaw, his x mark, L.S. Hahgoosekaw, or Captain Reed, his x mark, L.S.

OTTAWAS.

Augooshaway, his x mark, L.S. Keenoshameek, his x mark, L.S. La Malice, his x mark, L.S. Machiwetah, his x mark, L.S. Thowonawa, his x mark, L.S. Secaw, his x mark, L.S.

CHIPPEWAS.

Mashipinashiwish, or Bad Bird, his x mark, L.S. Nahshogashe, (from Lake Superior), his x mark, L.S. Kathawasung, his x mark, L.S. Masass, his x mark, L.S. Nemekass, or Little Thunder, his x mark, L.S. Peshawkay, or Young Ox, his x mark, L.S. Nanguey, his x mark, L.S. Meenedohgeesogh, his x mark, L.S. Peewanshemenogh, his x mark, L.S. Weymegwas, his x mark, L.S. Gobmaatick, his x mark, L.S.

OTTAWA.

Chegonickska, an Ottawa from Sandusky, his x mark, L.S.

PATTAWATIMAS OF THE RIVER ST. JOSEPH.

Thupenebu, his x mark, L.S. Nawac, for himself and brother Etsimethe,
his x mark, L.S. Nenanseka, his x mark, L.S. Keesass, or Run, his x mark, L.S. Kabamasaw, for himself and brother Chisaugan,
his x mark, L.S. Sugganunk, his x mark, L.S. Wapmeme, or White Pigeon, his x mark, L.S. Wacheness, for himself and brother Pedagoshok,
his x mark, L.S. Wabshicawnaw, his x mark, L.S. La Chasse, his x mark, L.S. Meshegethenogh, for himself and brother,
Wawasek, his x mark, L.S. Hingoswash, his x mark, L.S. Anewasaw, his x mark, L.S. Nawbudgh, his x mark, L.S. Missenogomaw, his x mark, L.S. Waweegshe, his x mark, L.S. Thawme, or Le Blanc, his x mark, L.S. Geeque, for himself and brother Shewinse, his x mark, L.S.

PATTAWATIMAS OF HURON.

Okia, his x mark, L.S. Chamung, his x mark, L.S. Segagewan, his x mark, L.S. Nanawme, for himself and brother A. Gin, his x mark, L.S. Marchand, his x mark, L.S. Wenameac, his x mark, L.S.

MIAMIS.

Nagohquangogh, or Le Gris, his x mark, L.S. Meshekunnoghquoh, or Little Turtle, his x mark, L.S.

MIAMIS AND EEL RIVERS.

Peejeewa, or Richard Ville, his x mark, L.S. Cochkepoghtogh, his x mark, L.S.

EEL RIVER TRIBE.

Shamekunnesa, or Soldier, his x mark, L.S.

MIAMIS.

Wapamangwa, or the White Loon, his x mark, L.S.

WEAS, FOR THEMSELVES AND THE PIANKESHAWS.

Amacunsa, or Little Beaver, his x mark, L.S. Acoolatha, or Little Fox, his x mark, L.S. Francis, his x mark, L.S.

KICKAPOOS AND KASKASKIAS.

Keeawhah, his x mark, L.S. Nemighka, or Josey Renard, his x mark, L.S. Paikeekanogh, his x mark, L.S.

DELAWARES OF SANDUSKY.

Hawkinpumiska, his x mark, L.S. Peyamawksey, his x mark, L.S. Reyntueco, (of the Six Nations, living at Sandusky), his x mark, L.S.

H. De Butts, first A.D.C. and Sec’ry to Major Gen. Wayne, Wm. H. Harrison, Aid de Camp to Major Gen. Wayne, T. Lewis, Aid de Camp to Major Gen. Wayne, James O’Hara, Quartermaster Gen’l. John Mills, Major of Infantry, and Adj. Gen’l. Caleb Swan, P.M.T.U.S. Gen. Demter, Lieut. Artillery, Vigo, P. Frs. La Fontaine, Ast. Lasselle, Sworn interpreters. H. Lasselle, Wm. Wells, Js. Beau Bien, Jacques Lasselle, David Jones, Chaplain U.S.S. M. Morins, Lewis Beaufait, Bt. Sans Crainte, R. Lachambre, Christopher Miller, Jas. Pepen, Robert Wilson, Baties Coutien, Abraham Williams, his x mark P. Navarre. Isaac Zane, his x mark”

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The post THE TREATY OF GREENVILLE (1796) 🦃🐢🦅 appeared first on BEAVER COUNTY INDIANS.

A newly formed commission arrived in what is now present-day downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to procure agreements and consent of land ownership and limits between both parties. The amalgamated agreements between the Indigenous people were represented by Koquethaqechton, better known as “White Eyes” as well as “Hopacan”, and the infamous Captain Pipe , and John Kill Buck. For the Continental side, it was Andrew Lewis and Thomas Lewis; the witnessing of the signing of both parties was officially witnessed by General Lachlan McIntosh (General of Fort McIntosh in Beaver, Pennsylvania), Daniel Brodhead and James Crawford.

The treaty gave the United States permission to travel through all Lenape territory in order to gain more accurate access to fight and fend off British soldiers; the treaty also recognized the Lenape people as a “sovereign’ nation, at least for a time. This treaty, like ALL THE OTHERS, would succumb to white imperialism and unprecedented acquisitions of land by any force available.

To illustrate this point of view with historical accuracy, the historian Jessica Choppin Rooney writes in her book the following excerpt: “in the earliest years of nation building, some people in the United States imagined a union that included polities distinct from those of Anglo-America and instead rooted in their own local precedent, history, and culture, making space for diverse communities, including Indigenous polities and Catholic Quebec. This form of union was brief—tragically so—but that it existed at all bears examination. It disrupts a narrative that settler colonialism was an unthinking or inevitable force. U.S. policy makers did not fail to conceive of political union with Indigenous nations; they deliberately rejected it.” ³

“Articles of agreement and confederation, made and, entered; into by, Andrew and Thomas Lewis, Esquires, Commissioners for, and in Behalf of the United States of North-America of the one Part, and Capt. White Eyes, Capt. John Kill Buck, Junior, and Capt. Pipe, Deputies and Chief Men of the Delaware Nation of the other Part.

.ARTICLE I.

That all offences or acts of hostilities by one, or either of the contracting parties against the other, be mutually forgiven, and buried in the depth of oblivion, never more to be had in remembrance.

ARTICLE II.

That a perpetual peace and friendship shall from henceforth take place, and subsist between the contracting: parties aforesaid, through all succeeding generations: and if either of the parties are engaged in a just and necessary war with any other nation or nations, that then each shall assist the other in due proportion to their abilities, till their enemies are brought to reasonable terms of accommodation: and that if either of them shall discover any hostile designs forming against the other, they shall give the earliest notice thereof that timeous measures may be taken to prevent their ill effect.

ARTICLE III

And whereas the United States are engaged in a just and necessary war, in defence and support of life, liberty and independence, against the King of England and his adherents, and as said King is yet possessed of several posts and forts on the lakes and other places, the reduction of which is of great importance to the peace and security of the contracting parties, and as the most practicable way for the troops of the United States to some of the posts and forts is by passing through the country of the Delaware nation, the aforesaid deputies, on behalf of themselves and their nation, do hereby stipulate and agree to give a free passage through their country to the troops aforesaid, and the same to conduct by the nearest and best ways to the posts, forts or towns of the enemies of the United States, affording to said troops such supplies of corn, meat, horses, or whatever may be in their power for the accommodation of such troops, on the commanding officer’s, &c. paying, or engageing to pay, the full value of whatever they can supply them with. And the said deputies, on the behalf of their nation, engage to join the troops of the United States aforesaid, with such a number of their best and most expert warriors as they can spare, consistent with their own safety, and act in concert with them; and for the better security of the old men, women and children of the aforesaid nation, whilst their warriors are engaged against the common enemy, it is agreed on the part of the United States, that a fort of sufficient strength and capacity be built at the expense of the said States, with such assistance as it may be in the power of the said Delaware Nation to give, in the most convenient place, and advantageous situation, as shall be agreed on by the commanding officer of the troops aforesaid, with the advice and concurrence of the deputies of the aforesaid Delaware Nation, which fort shall be garrisoned by such a number of the troops of the United States, as the commanding officer can spare for the present, and hereafter by such numbers, as the wise men of the United States in council, shall think most conducive to the common good.

ARTICLE IV.

For the better security of the peace and friendship now entered into by the contracting parties, against all infractions of the same by the citizens of either party, to the prejudice of the other, neither party shall proceed to the infliction of punishments on the citizens of the other, otherwise than by securing the offender or offenders by imprisonment, or any other competent means, till a fair and impartial trial can be had by judges or juries of both parties, as near as can be to the laws, customs and usages of the contracting parties and natural justice. The mode of such trials to be hereafter fixed by the wise men of the United States in Congress assembled, with the assistance of such deputies of the Delaware nation, as may be appointed to act in concert with them in adjusting this matter to their mutual liking. And it is further agreed between the parties aforesaid, that neither shall entertain or give countenance to the enemies of the other, or protect in their respective states, criminal fugitives, servants or slaves, but the same to apprehend, and secure and deliver to the State or States, to which such enemies, criminals, servants or slaves respectively belong.

ARTICLE V.

Whereas the confederation entered into by the Delaware nation and the United States, renders the first dependent on the latter for all the articles of clothing, utensils and implements of war, and it is judged not only reasonable, but indispensably necessary, that the aforesaid Nation be supplied with such articles from time to time, as far as the United States may have it in their power, by a well-regulated trade, under the conduct of an intelligent, candid agent, with an adequate salary, one more influenced by the love of his country, and a constant attention to the duties of his department by promoting the common interest, than the sinister purposes of converting and binding all the duties of his office to his private emolument: Convinced of the necessity of such measures, the Commissioners of the United States, at the earnest solicitation of the deputies aforesaid, have engaged in behalf of the United States, that such a trade shall be afforded said nation conducted on such principles of mutual interest as the wisdom of the United States in Congress assembled shall think most conducive to adopt for their mutual convenience.

ARTICLE VI.

Whereas the enemies of the United States have endeavored, by every artifice in their power, to possess the Indians in general with an opinion, that it is the design of the States aforesaid, to extirpate the Indians and take possession of their country to obviate such false suggestion, the United States do engage to guarantee to the aforesaid nation of Delawares, and their heirs, all their territorial rights in the fullest and most ample manner, as it bath been bounded by former treaties, as long as they the said Delaware nation shall abide by, and hold fast the chain of friendship now entered into. And it is further agreed on between the contracting parties should it for the future be found conducive for the mutual interest of both parties to invite any other tribes who have been friends to the interest of the United States, to join the present confederation, and to form a state whereof the Delaware nation shall be the head, and have a representation in Congress: Provided, nothing contained in this article to be considered as conclusive until it nneets with the approbation of Congress. And it is also the intent and meaning of this article, that no protection or countenance shall be afforded to any who are at present our enemies, by which they might escape the punishment they deserve.

In witness whereof, the parties have hereunto interchangeably set their hands and seals, at Fort Pitt, September seventeenth, anno Domini one thousand seven hundred and seventy-eight.

Andrew Lewis, [L. S.]
Thomas Lewis, [L. S.]
White Eyes, his x mark, [L. S.]
The Pipe, his x mark, [L. S.]
John Kill Buck, his x mark, [L. S.]

In presence of-

Lach’n McIntosh, brigadier-general, commander the Western Department.
Daniel Brodhead, colonel Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment,
W. Crawford, collonel,
John Campbell,
John Stephenson,
John Gibson, colonel Thirteenth Virginia Regiment,
A. Graham, brigade major,
Lach. McIntosh, jr., major brigade,
Benjamin Mills,
Joseph L. Finley, captain Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment,
John Finley, captain Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment.”

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The post TREATY OF FORT PITT (1778) 📜✍🏻✍🏻 appeared first on BEAVER COUNTY INDIANS.

The Proclamation of 1763 bequeathed, essentially, more power to the British Crown, thus eliminating the spread of white settlers into the Indians lands: how? By expelling non-English white settlers. That was the center of intention. In other words, this treaty permitted the British to organize NEW British territories in the Ohio Country.

To start this process, the Iroquois Confederacy seceded parts of Western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, West Virginia, and New York! (Quite a surrender of land!)

The treaty was signed on November 5 with one signatory for each of the Six Nations and in the presence of representatives from the colonies of New Jersey, Virginia and Pennsylvania as well as Johnson. The Native American nations present received gifts and cash totaling £10,460 7s. 3d. sterling, the highest payment ever made for land by the British Crown to Native Americans. The treaty established a property line which extended the earlier proclamation line of the Alleghenies (the divide between the Ohio and coastal watersheds), much farther to the west. The line ran near Fort Pitt and followed the Ohio River as far as Tennessee River, effectively ceding the Kentucky portion of the Virginia Country to the Crown, as well as most of what is now West Virginia. The British government had recently confirmed ownership of the lands south and west of the Kanawha to the Cherokee by the Treaty of Hard Labour. During the Fort Stanwix proceedings, the British negotiators were astonished to learn that the Six Nations still maintained a nominal claim over much of Kentucky, which they wanted added into consideration. In addition, the Shawnee did not agree to this treaty, contesting colonial Virginian settlements between the Alleghenies and Ohio until the 1774 Treaty of Camp Charlotte. The treaty was a final solution to settled land claims between the Six Nations and the Penn family, the proprietors of Pennsylvania, where the lands acquired in 1768 were referred to as the “New Purchase”. Due to disputes about the physical boundaries of the settlement, however, the final treaty line would not be fully agreed upon for another five years.

“To all to whom these presents shall come or may concern, we, the Sachems and Chiefs of the Six United Nations, and of the Shawanese, Delawares, Mingoes of Ohio, and other dependant Tribes on behalf of Ourselves and the rest of our several Nations, the Chiefs and Warriors of whom are now here convened by Sir William Johnson, Baronet His Majesty’s Superintendant of our affairs, send Greeting.

Whereas, His Majesty was graciously pleased to propose to us in the year 1765 that a Boundary Line should be fixed between the English and us, to ascertain and establish our limits, and prevent those intrusions and incroachments of which we had so long and loudly complained, and to put a stop to the many fraudulent advantages which had been so often taken of us in land affairs, which boundary appearing to us as a wise and good measure, we did then agree to a part of a Line and promised to settle the whole finally, whensoever Sir William Johnson should be fully empowered to treat with us for that purpose. And whereas, his said Majesty has at length given Sir William Johnson orders, Sir William Johnson has convened the Chiefs and Warriors of our respective nations, who are the true and absolute Proprietors of the lands in question, and who are here now to a very considerable number, and whereas many uneasinesses and doubts have arisen amongst us which have given rise to an apprehension that the Line may not be strictly observed on the part of the English, in which case matters may be worse than before, which apprehension, together with the dependant state of some of our tribes and other circumstances, which retarded the settlement and became the subject of some debate, Sir William Johnson has at length so far satisfied us upon, as to induce us to come to an agreement concerning the Line, which is now brought to conclusion, the whole being full explained to us in a large Assembly of our people before Sir William Johnson and in the presence of His Excellency the Governor of New Jersey, the Commissioners for the Provinces of Virginia and Pennsylvania, and sundry other gentlemen, by which line, so agreed upon, a considerable tract of country along several provinces is by us ceeded to His said Majesty, which we are induced to, and do hereby ratify and confirm to His said Majesty from the expectation and confidence we place in his royal goodness, that he will graciously comply with our humble requests as the same is expressed in the speech of the several Nations addressed to His Majesty thro’ Sir William Johnson on Tuesday, the first day of the present month of November, wherein we have declared our expectations of the continuance of His Majesty’s favor, and our desire that our ancient engagements be observed and our affairs attended to, by the officer who has the management thereof, enabling him to discharge all these matters properly for our interest. That the lands occupied by the Mohocks around their villages, as well as by any other Nation affected by this our cession, may effectually remain to them and to their posterity, and that any engagements regarding Property which they may now be under may be prosecuted and our present grants deemed valid on our parts, with the several other humble requests contained in our said speech. And whereas at the settling of the said line it appeared that the Line described by His Majesty’s order was not extended to the Northward of Oswegy, or the Southward of Great Kanawha River. We have agreed to and continued the line to the Northward, on a supposition that it was omitted by reason of our not having come to any determination concerning its course, at the Congress held in 1765 and in as much as the line to the Northward became the most necessary of any for preventing encroachments at our very towns and residences, and we have given this Line more favourably to Pennsylvania for the reasons and considerations mentioned in the Treaty. We have likewise continued it South to Cherokee River, because the same is and we do declare it to be our true bounds with the Southern Indians, and that we have an undoubted right to the country as far South as that River; which makes our cession to His Majesty much more advantageous than that proposed. Now, therefore, know ye that we, the Sachems and Chiefs afore mentioned, native Indians and Proprietors of the Lands herein after described, for and in behalf of ourselves and the whole of our confederacy for the consideration herein before mentioned, and also for and in consideration of a valuable present of the several articles in use and among Indians, which, together with a large sum of money, amount in the whole to the sum of Ten thousand four hundred and sixty pounds seven shillings and three pence sterling to us now delivered and paid by Sir William Johnson Baronet, His Majesty’s sole agent and Superintendant of Indian affairs for the Northern Department of America, in the name and on behalf of Our Sovereign Lord George the third by the Grace of God of Great Britain, France and Ireland King, defender of the Faith, the receipt whereof we do hereby acknowledge. We, the said Indians, have for us our heirs and successors granted, bargained, sold, released and confirmed, and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell, release and confirm unto our said Sovereign Lord, King George the Third, All that Tract of Land situate in North America at the Back of the British Settlements, bounded by a Line which we have now agreed upon, and we do hereby establish as the Boundary between us and the British Colonies in America Beginning at the mouth of the Cherokee or Hogohege River, where it emptys into the River Ohio and running from thence upwards along the South side of the said River to Kittanning Maps » , which is above Fort Pitt Maps » ; from thence, by a direct line, to the nearest Fork of the West Branch of Susquehannah Maps » , thence thro’ the Alegany Mountains Maps » along the South side of the said West Branch Maps » till it comes opposite to the Mouth of a creek called Tiadgton Maps » , thence across the West Branch and along the South side of that creek, and along the North side of Burnett’s hills to a creek called Awandae, thence down the same to the East Branch of Susquehannah Maps » . And across the same, and up the east side of that River to Oswegy, from thence east to Delaware River Maps » , and up that River Maps » to opposite where Tianadhera falls into Susquehannah. Thence to Tianadhera and up the west side thereof and the west side of its West Branch to the head thereof; and thence by a direct line to Canada Creek where it emptys into the Wood Creek at the West end of the carrying place beyond Fort Stanwix, and extended Eastward from every part of the said Line as far as the Lands formerly purchased, so as to comprehend the whole of the lands between the said Line and the purchased lands or Settlements, except what is within the Province of Pennsylvania, together with the hereditaments and appurtenances to the same belonging or appurtaining, in the fullest and most ample manner, and all the Estate, Right, Title, Interest, Property, Possession, Benefit, claim and Demand, either in Law or Equity of each and every of us, of, in or to the same or any part thereof. To have and to hold the whole Lands and Premisses hereby granted, bargained, sold, released and confirmed as aforesaid with the hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging under the reservations made in the Treaty, unto our said Sovereign Lord, King George the Third, his heirs and successors, to and for his and their own proper use and behoof for ever.

In witness weherof, we, the chiefs of the Confederacy, have hereunto set our Marks and seals at Fort Stanwix the 5th day of November, 1768, in the 9th year of His Majesty’s reign.

Signed, sealed and delivered in presence of TEYANHASIRE, or Abraham, [L.S.] Mohock. CONAQUIESO, [L.S.] Onida. SESQUARESSURA, [L.S.] Tuscarora. BLUNT, or Chenughiata, [L.S.] Onandago. TEGAYA, [L.S.] Cayuga. GOSTRAX, [L.S.] Seneca. WILLIAM FRANKIN, Govr. N. Jersey. FREDERICK SMITH, Chief Justice N. Jersey. Thomas Walker Commissioner for Virginia RICHARD PETERS, JAMES TILGHMAN, Of the Council of Pennsylva. Treaty at Fort Stanwix In Lord Botetourt’s Dup. (No. 6) of 24 December, 1768. I hereby certify that this a true Copy of the Original deposited in Her Majesty’s State Paper Office, London. ROBT. LEMON, Chief Clerk. L.S.: State Paper Office, 20th July, 1841.”

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The post THE TREATY OF FORT STANWIX (1769)✍🏻📜📜 appeared first on BEAVER COUNTY INDIANS.

By 1785, hostilities in the Ohio Country between Indians and White Settlers were increasing with unprecedented ferocity. Wars, battles, surprise attacks, scalpings, killings and shootings were becoming a mundane, but darkly realistic expectation. To repeal these attacks, a fort was built called Fort Finney, which was located at the mouth of the Great Miami River (A tributary of the Ohio River.) George Washington had commissioned Generals George Rogers Clark, Richard Butler (whom Buter County, Pennsylvania is named after as well as the borough), and Samuel Parsons⁴

in order to secure and tame the wild country. These Generals were assigned to ascend and secure a treaty with the Shawnee; the Shawnee reluctantly agreed, but later rescinded the agreement. As a result, a military order to begin construction of the fort came from Fort Pitt.

The Treaty also became better known as the Treaty at the Mouth of the Great Miami. It became official on January 31^st, 1786. The results were not as expected on both sides. As a result of this treaty, the Shawnee lost LARGE parts of the Ohio Country to the United Sates government; consequently, this pact led to the unleashing of the Northwest Indian War which continued for a decade!

“Articles of a Treaty concluded at the Mouth of the Great Miami, on the North-western Bank of the Ohio, the thirty-first day of January, one thousand seven hundred arid eighty-six, between the Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, of the one Part, and the Chiefs and Warriors of the Shawnoe Nation, of the other Part.

ARTICLE 1.

THREE hostages shall be immediately delivered to the Commissioners, to remain in the possession of the United States until all the prisoners, white and black, taken in the late war from among the citizens of the United States, by the Shawanoe nation, or by any other Indian or Indians residing in their towns, shall be restored.

ARTICLE II.

The Shawanoe nation do acknowledge the United States to be the sole and absolute sovereigns of all the territory ceded to them by treaty of peace, made between them and the King of Great Britain the fourteenth day of January, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-four.

ARTICLE III.

If any Indian or Indians of the Shawanoe nation, or any other Indian or Indians residing in their towns, shall commit murder or robbery on, or do any injury to the citizens of the United States, or any of them, that nation shall deliver such offender or offenders to the officer commending the nearest post of the United States, to be punished according to the ordinances of Congress; and in like manner, any citizen of the United States, who shall do an injury to any Indian of the Shawanoe nation, or to any other Indian or Indians residing in their towns, and under their protection, shall be punished according to the laws of the United States.

ARTICLE IV.

The Shawanoe nation having knowledge of the intention of any nation or body of Indians to make war on the citizens of the United States, or of their counselling together for that purpose, and neglecting to give information thereof to the commanding officer of the nearest post of the United States, shall be considered as parties in such war and be punished accordingly: and the United States shall in like manner inform the Shawanoes of any injury designed against them.

ARTICLE V.

The United States do grant peace to the Shawanoe nation, and do receive them into their friendship and protection.

ARTICLE VI.

The United Sates do allot to the Shawanoe nation, lands within their territory to live and hunt upon, beginning at the south line of the lands allotted to the Wiandots and Delaware nations, at the place where the main branch of the Great Miami, which falls into the Ohio, intersects said line; then down the river Miami, to the fork of that river, next below the old fort which was taken by the French in one thousand seven hundred and fifty-two; thence due west to the river de la Panse; then down that river to the river Wabash, beyond which lines none of the citizens of the United States shall settle, nor disturb the Shawanoes in their settlement and possessions; and the Shawanoes do relinquish to the United States, all title, or presence of title, they ever had to the lands east, west and south, of the east, west and south lines before described.

ARTICLE VII.

If any citizen or citizens of the United States, shall presume to settle upon the lands allotted to the Shawanoes by this treaty, he or they shall be put out of the protection of the United States.

On testimony whereof, the parties hereunto have affixed their hands

1. Clark
   Richard Butler,
   Samuel H. Parsons,
   Aweecony, his x mark
   Kakawipilathy, his x mark,
   Malunthy. his x mark.
   Musquaconocah, his x mark
   Meanymsecah, his x mark,
   Waupaucowela, his x mark,
   Nihipeewa, his x mark
   Nihinessicoe’ his x mark,Attest:Alexander Campbell, Secretary CommissionersWitnesses:W. Finney, Maj. B. B.
   Thos. Doyle, Capt. B. B.
   Nathan MeDowell, Ensign
   John Saffenger,
   Henry Govy,
   Kagy Galloway, his x mark,
   John Boggs
   Samuel Montgomery
   Daniel Elliott
   James Rinker,
   Nathaniel Smith,Joseph Suffrein, his x mark, or Kemepemo Shawno, Isaac Zane, (Wyandot) his x mark,The Half King of the Wyandots,
   The Crane of the Wyandots, their x mark,Capt. Pipe, of the Delawares, his x mark,
   Capt. Bohongehelas, his x mark
   Tetebockshicka, his x mark,
   The Big Cat of the Delawares, his x mark
   Pierre Droullar.”

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The Iroquois eventually began to see the emerging Thirteen Colonies as a greater threat than the French in 1698. The colony of Pennsylvania was founded in 1681, and the continued growth there began to encroach on the southern border of the Iroquois. The French policy began to change towards the Iroquois after nearly fifty years of warfare, and they decided that befriending them would be the easiest way to ensure their monopoly on the northern fur trade. The Thirteen Colonies heard of the treaty and immediately set about to prevent it from being agreed upon. These conflicts would result in the loss of Albany’s fur trade with the Iroquois and, without their protection, the northern flank of the Thirteen Colonies would be open to French attack. Nevertheless, the French and Indians signed the treaty.

The French and 39 Indian chiefs signed the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701. The Iroquois agreed to stop marauding and to allow refugees from the Great Lakes to return east. The Shawnee eventually regained control of the Ohio Country and the lower Allegheny River. The Miami tribe returned to take control of Indiana and northwest Ohio. The Pottawatomie went to Michigan and the Illinois tribe to Illinois. The peace lasted into the 1720s. It was also the first time we see in recorded history an Indian genocide between Iroquois and Algonquian peoples. 

Ratification of the Peace
made in the month of September last between the colony of Canada, the Savages its allies, and the Iroquois in a general assembly of the chiefs of each of these nations convened by Monsieur the Chevalier de Callière, governor and lieutenant-general for the King in New France,

At Montreal on August 4, 1701.
As only the deputies of the Huron [Wendat] and the Odawa were here last year when I made peace with the Iroquois [Haudenosaunee] for myself and all my allies, I deemed it necessary to send the Sieur de Courtemanche and the Reverend Father Enjalran to all the other nations, my allies, who were absent, to inform them of what had happened and to invite them to send each one’s chiefs with the Iroquois prisoners they held in order to hear my words all together.

It is an extreme joy to see at present all of my children assembled here, you Hurons, Sand Odawa [Akonapi], Kiskakons, Sinago Odawa, Fork Nation [Nassawaketon Odawa], Saulteurs [Ojibwa], Potawatomi, Sauk, Skunk [Ho-Chunk], Wild Oats [Menominees], Fox [Meskwaki], Mascoutens, Miamis, Illinois [Illiniwek], Amikwa, Nipissing, Algonquins, Timiskaming, Cristinaux [Cree], Inlanders, Kickapoo, people of the Rapids [Kahnawake Mohawk], people of the Mountain, Abenaki, and you, the Iroquois nations, and that, as you have each placed your interests in my hands, I may cause you all to live in tranquility. I therefore ratify today the peace we made in the month of August last, desiring that there be no more talk of all of the blows struck during the war, and I once again seize all your axes, and all your other instruments of war, which I place along with my own in a pit so deep that no one will be able to retrieve them to trouble the tranquility that I reestablish among my children, and I recommend to you when you meet one another to treat one another as brothers, and to agree with one another on hunting, so that no quarrels may arise among you. And so that this peace may not be troubled, I repeat what I had said in the treaty we made, that if it should happen that one of my children should strike another, the one who has been struck shall not take vengeance, neither himself nor anyone else for him, but he shall come find me so that I may reestablish justice for him, declaring to you that, if the offender should refuse to make reasonable amends, I and my other allies will join with the offended party to oblige him to do so; which I do not think could happen, given the obedience which my children owe me, remembering what we are now deciding together. And so that they will not be able to forget them, I attach my words to necklaces that I will give to each of your nations so that the elders may have them carried out by their young people. I invite each of you to smoke this peace pipe which I will smoke first, and to eat meat and broth that I am having prepared for you so that I may have, like a good father, the satisfaction of seeing all my children gathered together.

I will keep this pipe that was given to me by the Miami so that I can invite you to smoke when you come to see me.

After all the above nations had heard what Monsieur the Chevalier de Callière had said to them, they answered as follows:

The Chief of the Kiskakons:

My father, knowing that you would ask me for the Iroquois prisoners, I did not want to fail to bring them to you. Here are four, whom I present to you to do with as you please. It is with this porcelain [wampum] that I unbound them, and here is a pipe that I present to the Iroquois for us to smoke together when we meet one another. I rejoice that you have unified the earth which was in confusion, and I willingly subscribe to everything you have done.

The Iroquois:

Here we are assembled, our father, as you wished it. Last year you planted a tree of peace, and you gave it roots and leaves so that we would be sheltered by it. At present we hope that everyone will hear what you say, so that no one will disturb this tree. For our part, we assure you by these four necklaces that we will follow everything that you have settled. We present to you two prisoners who are here, and we will deliver to you the others that we have. We also hope, now that the doors are open to peace, that the rest of our own will be returned to us.

The Huron:

Here we are as you requested. We present to you twelve prisoners, of whom five wish to return with us; for the other seven, you will do with them as you please. We thank you for the peace which you have obtained for us, and we ratify it with joy.

Jean le Blanc [Outouagan], Sand Odawa:

I obeyed you, my father, as soon as you asked, by returning to you two prisoners of whom you are the master. When you commanded me to go to war, I did so, and now that you forbid me to do so, I obey. I ask you, my father, by this necklace, that the Iroquois untie my body which is with them and send it back to me (that is, the people of his nation).

Chingouessi, Sinago Odawa:

I did not want to fail to carry out your orders, my father, even though I had no prisoners. However, here are a woman and a child whom I ransomed, with whom you will do as you please, and here is a pipe which I give to the Iroquois to smoke as brothers when we shall meet.

Chichicatalo, Chief of the Miami:

I have obeyed you, my father, by bringing you eight Iroquois prisoners to do with as you please. If I had had canoes, I would have brought you more of them. Although I do not see any of my people here who are with the Iroquois, I will bring those who remain with me if you wish it, or I will open the doors for them so that they may return.

Onanguice, on behalf of the Sauk:

I am of a single body with you, my father. Here is an Iroquois prisoner I took during the war: permit me, in presenting him to you, to give him a pipe to take to the Iroquois and smoke when we meet. I thank you for returning light to the sun, which had been darkened since the war.

Onanguice, Chief of the Potawatomi:

I will not make you a long speech, my father; I no longer have any more than two prisoners, whom I place at your two sides to do with as you please. Here is a pipe that I give you, for you to keep or to give to these two prisoners to smoke at home. I am always ready to obey you until death.

Miskouensa, Chief of the Outagami [Meskwaki]:

I have no prisoners to deliver to you, my father, but I thank you for the beautiful daylight that you are giving to the whole earth through peace. For my part, I will never lose that brightness.

The Mascoutens:

I am not bringing you any Iroquois slaves because I have not attacked them in some time, having occupied myself with making war on other nations; but I have come to obey you and to thank you for the peace which you have obtained for us.

The Wild Oats:

I have come, my father, only to obey you and to embrace the peace which you have made between the Iroquois and us.

The Sauteurs and the Skunks:

I would have brought you, my father, Iroquois slaves if I had had any, wanting to obey you in what you command me. I thank you for the light that you are giving us and I wish that it will last.

The Nipissing:

I did not want to fail to come here with the others to hear your voice. I had an Iroquois prisoner last year whom I delivered to you. Here is a pipe that I give you to give to the Iroquois if you wish, so that we may smoke together when we meet.

The Algonquins:

I do not have any prisoners to deliver to you, my father. The Algonquin is one of your children who has always clung to you, and who will be there as long as he lives. I pray the Master of Life that what you do here today will endure.

The Amikwa:

Having no other will but yours, I obey what you have done.

The Abenaki:

Although I am among the last to speak, I am no less with you, my father. You know that I have always been bound to you. I have no more axes: you put them in a pit last year and I will only take them back should you order me to do so.

The People of the Rapids:

You are aware, you other Iroquois, that we are attached to our father, we who live with him and are in his bosom. You sent us a necklace three years ago to invite us to give you peace; we sent you one in response. We give you this one again to tell you that we worked at it; we ask only that it endure, with you having done on your side what is necessary for that.

The People of the Mountain:

You have assembled here, our father, all of the nations to make a mound of axes and to put them in the earth along with yours. For myself, who did not have another one, I rejoice in what you are doing today, and I invite the Iroquois to see us as their brothers.”

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“The Treaty of Fort McIntosh was a treaty between the United States government and representatives of the Wyandotte, Delaware, Chippewa and Ottawa nations of Native Americans. The treaty was signed at Fort McIntosh (present Beaver, Pennsylvania) on January 21, 1785. It contained 10 articles and an addendum.

In a follow-up to the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784), where the Seneca nation had given up claims in the eastern extension of Ohio Country in northern Pennsylvania, the American government sought a treaty with the remaining tribes having claims in the Ohio Country. The United States sent a team of diplomats including George Rogers Clark, Richard Butler, and Arthur Lee to negotiate a new treaty. In January 1785, the representatives of the two sides met at Fort McIntosh at the confluence of the Ohio and Beaver Rivers. Most of the Native Americans who signed the treaty were not given authority by their nations to make negotiations. ⁵

Connecticut (Western Reserve in the northeast) and Virginia (Military District in the central south) had residual claims in Ohio Country and would have to be distinguished from Indian Country. At that time, there were no organized incursions of the white man into Ohio country. The nearest outpost was Zanesville around Fort Henry across the river on the upper Allegheny. The founding of Marietta, the first permanent European settlement in Ohio, was still years away. Fort Harmar, the first frontier fort in Ohio, would not be authorized for many months.

Essentially, the treaty carved a large Indian reservation out of Ohio Country, whose boundaries were the Cuyahoga and Muskingum rivers in the east, a line between Fort Laurens and Fort Pickawillany (Piqua) in the south, the Great Miami River and St. Mary’s River in the west, and Maumee River and Lake Erie in the north. The area comprised about 1/3 of modern day Ohio in the northwest, and a wedge of eastern Indiana extending to Kekionga (future Fort Wayne). Areas outside the boundary in eastern and southern Ohio belonged to the Whiteman. The tribes also ceded areas surrounding Fort Detroit and Fort Michilimackinac to the United States and gave back captives taken in raids along the frontier.

Most Ohio Country tribes did not subscribe to the treaty, particularly the Shawnee who lost all of their lands in southwestern Ohio. The treaty seeded the formation of the Western Confederacy later the same year. Settlers as well as Native Americans encroaching on the boundary line presaged the Northwest Indian War. An almost identical Treaty line, except the extension in Indiana, was later circumscribed in the Treaty of Greenville following the conclusion of the war.” 

The treaty did NOTHING for the security of lands previusly owned by the tribes in the afore mentioned; on the contrary, they were forced from their homes and had to relocate, in many cases, hundreds of miles from where they called home, by order of the United States Government.

transcription

Articles of a Treaty concluded at Fort McIntosh the 21st day of January 1785 Between the Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America of the one part and the Sachems and Warriors of the Wiandot, Delaware, Chippawa and Ottawa Nations of the other.
The Commissioners plenipotentiary of the United States Congress assembled give peace to the Wiandot, Delaware, Chippewa and Ottawa Nations of Indians on the following conditions-
Article 1 Three Chiefs from the Wiandot and two from the Delaware Nations shall be delivered up to the Commissiioners of the United States to be by them retained, till all the Prisoners white and black taken by the said Nations or any of them shall be restored.
Article 2 The said Indian Nations do acknowledge themselves and all their Tribes to be under the protection of the United States and no other Sovereign whatever.
Article 3. The boundary line between the United States and Wiandot, and Delaware Nations shall begin at the mouth of river Cayahoga and run thence up the said river to the [pt.] between that and the Tuscararas branch of the Meskingum then down the said branch to the forks at the crossing [undecipherable] Fort Lawrence then westerly to the portage to the Big-Miami which runs into the Ohio at the mouth of [undecipherable] stood which was taken by the French in 1751 then along the portage to the Great Miami or Ome – and down the Southeast side of the same to its mouth. Thence along the South shore of Lake Erie to the mouth of Cayahoga where it began.
Article 4. The United States allot all the lands contained within said lines to the Wiandot and Delaware nations to live and to hunt on- and to such of the Ottawa Nation as now live thereon saving and reserving for the establishment of trading Posts six miles square at the mouth of the Miami or Omi [?] river- and the same at the portage on that branch of the Big-Miami which runs into the Ohio and the same on the Lake Sanduske where the Fort formerly stood and also two miles square on each side of the lower rapids of Sanduske river- which Posts and the lands annexed to them shall be to the Use and under the Government of the United States.
Article 5. If any Citizen of the United States or other person not being an Indian shall attempt to settle on any of the lands alloted to the Wiandot and Delaware Nations in this Treaty except on the lands reserved to the United States in the preceding Article, such person shall forfeit the protection of the United States, and the Indians may punish him as they please.
Article 6. The Indians who sign this treaty as well in behalf of all their Tribes as of themselves, do acknowledge the lands East, South and West of the lines described in the third Article as far as said Indians formerly claimed the same, to belong to the United States and none of their Tribes shall presume [undecipherable] any part of it__
Article 7. The Post of Detroit with a district beginning at the mouth of the river Rosine on the west end of Lake Erie and running west six miles up the Southern bank of said river- thence northerly and always six miles west of the Straight till it strikes the Lake St. Clair, shall be also reserved to the sole use of the United States.
Article 8. In the same manner the Post of Michillimahinac with its dependencies and twelve miles square about the same shall be reserved to the use of the United States.
Article 9th. If any Indian or Indians shall commit a robbery or murder on any Citizen of the United States, The Tribe to which such offenders may belong shall be bound to deliver them up at the nearest Post to be punished according to the ordinances of the United States.
Article 10th. The Commissioners of the United States in pursuance of the humane and liberal views of Congress, upon this Treaty’s being signed will direct goods to be distributed among the different Tribes for their use and comfort-
Seperate Article. It is agreed that the Delaware chiefs [undecipherable] or Lt Col. Henry [undecipherable] or the Big-Cat, Wicocalind or [undecipherable] White Eyes [names are difficult to decipher] who took up the hatchet for the United States, and families, shall be received into the Delaware Nation in the same situation and rank as before the War and enjoy their due part of the lands given to the Wiandot and Delaware Nations in the Treaty, as full as if they had not taken part with America, as any other person or persons in the said Nations-
(Signed)
Daunghquat; Shaunagum; GClark
Abraham Kuhn; Quecookkis; Richard Butler
Ottawerrerie; Arthur Lee
Hobocan
Walendightum
Talapoxie
Wingenuim
Packelant
Gingeuanno
Waanoos
Ronalawassee
Copy of a Letter from the Commissioner for negotiating Treaties with the Indians to his Excellency Richard Henry Lee
Sir,
We have the honor of informing your Excellency that since the signing the Treaty, the Chiefs of the Delaware Nation delivered to the Commissioners four Medals of the King of England, which had been presented them during the war, and promised that they would deliver up six more. This they accompanied with a speech renouncing that King forever. The six medals to be delivered up are all that remain now in the nation
G ClarkPittsburgh Jany 28 1785 (Signed) Richard ButlerArthur Lee[undecipherable]
between
The United States
and certain
Indian Nations
Jan
1785″

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